Ua publicacion d’Edouard Cartier, 1839.
Dictionnaire Provençal-Français suivi d’un Vocabulaire
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Ua publicacion d’Edouard Cartier, 1839.
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Eth 14 de gèr de 1983 es “Normes ortografiques der aranés” estèren adoptades per decrèt signat peth president dera Generalitat de Catalonha e coma tau publicades en DOG num. 312 deth 16 de març deth madeish an. Er emplec d’aguest e d’aguestes en toti es encasrtes dera vida vidanta dera nòsta societat: administracion, ensenhament e ahèrs particulars, sustot a compdar dera sua oficializacion, a determinat qu’aqueri punts dera nortmativa ortografica que balhaven lòc a quauques ambigüetats (qu’en moment deth sòn redigit e posteriora aprobacion, estèren admetudes) avessen d’èster tornats a campar e hicats ara ora d’aué.
Ce guide, conçu par Florian Vernet est une première approche que vous pourrez compléter par la lecture de son livre Dictionnaire grammatical de l’occitan languedocien, disponible aux Presses Universitaires de la Méditerranée.
Indicar era orientacion fonetica des paraules basiques ei en procès de fixacion dera lengua.
Deuant dera reflexion de “coma se ditz?”, “coma cau díder?” presentam ua relacion des formes fondamentaus, basada ena realizacion majoritària dera actualitat aranesa. Non exposam coma calerie díder, manifestam surtot “se que se ditz”, e deuant des vacillacions admetem duplicitats o prenem posicions. Es duplicitats responen a posicionaments ben socializats.
Aciu auetz er inventari fonetic basic der aranés. Era realizacion fonetica que hè cada emplegaire dera lengua, era combinason des paraules damb es autes pòt transformar eth resultat per efècte des diuèrses adequacions. Era adaptacion en cada dialècte aranés ara orientacion que hèm ei objècte de d’autes consideracions. Non volem unificar ua soleta forma fonetica. Era diversitat non confon, enriquís. Auem considerat sonque el estandard der aranés, eth referent, aqueth qu’ei convenient de transméter as que hèn un accés nau ara lengua, mès totes es realizacions que responen a un procés evolutiu e a ua socializacion adequada son corrèctes. Auem prés [my’zika] (musica) coma referéncia, mès non consideram que [‘myzika], forma molt emplegada, sigue incorrècta ne inadequada. Auem transcrit, [a’ðiw] (adiu), [‘riw] (riu), [a’kiw] (aquiu) e [‘diw] (Diu), [‘biw] (viu), [‘biwe](víuer) tot e que creiguem qu’era forma mès divolgada non hè guaires ans ère [a’ðiew], [‘riew], [a’kiew], [‘diew], [‘biew] e [‘biewe] qu’encara son viues en parlar de fòrça gent, mès qu’es transformacions des darrèrs tempsi mos an cambiat. Non consideraríem incorrècte eth recuperar aguestes formes mès genuïnes. Des dera Acadèmia consideram que cèrtes formes estenudes per tota Occitània coma [‘diew], e que responen as madeishes formes medievaus e que s’emplegauen majoritariament en Aran, non hè massa ans, aurien d’èster recuperades.
Like Old French, from the 9th to the 13th century, Old Occitan preserved the two-case system of Vulgar Latin, subjective and objective, and it seems that until the middle of the 12th century, the written and spoken languages were identical. Then, the distinction between the cases disappeared in spoken usage, though they still persisted in the written texts of the Trobadors. This period can be qualified as the Golden Age or the time of the Trobadors.
A second period ranges from the beginning of the 14th century to the middle of the 16th. It is characterized by the dropping altogether of the flexions in witten texts, by the beginning of dialectization, the dropping of courteous vocabulary and the use of learned words borrowed from Latin and Greek to express law, medecine, philosophy and theology. Occitan was no longer a literary language, but it was used to write the deeds, the accounts, the chronicles and the resolutions of local communities. Since the second half of the 16th century to our days, Occitan was banned from written documents, and reduced to oral usage only, mainly by country and working people, in their everyday life, at work or at home.
Es nòms que designes es lòcs d’un territòri an ua foncion tecnica e culturau ath madesih temps. Tecnica perqué les referéncien geograficament, e culturau perqué veïculen ifnromacion sus era cultura, era lengua o es costums d’aqueri que les meteren eth nòm. En aguest sens, era toponímia aranesa ei un patrimòni collectiu que cau sauvagardar com a par der auviatge lingüistic e culturau dera Val d’Aran.
Sous un mot occitan, on trouve tous ses dérivés, leurs sens et leur étymologie ; variantes graphiques et phoniques. Suppléments: table des préfixes et suffixes savants et populaires. Ce dictionnaire bilingue de langue vivante est une base pour l’étude de l’occitan languedocien et de son écriture, comme pour la recherche.
A quiet renaissance has been unfolding in certain parts of Europe – a renaissance of literature written in minority languages. In this book, William Calin explores the renaissance through an examination of twentieth-century works in Scots, Breton, and Occitan minority languages flourishing inside the borders of the United Kingdom and France.
For each of the three bodies of literature Calin considers major authors whose works include novels, poetry and plays, and shows that all three literatures have evolved in a like manner, repudiating their romantic folk heritage and turning instead to modern and postmodern concerns. Drawing on current critical theories in periodization, postcolonialism and cultural studies, Calin raises a range of comparative questions: Is there a common form of narrative prevalent in minority cultures that is neither realism nor metafiction? Is the minority-language theatre limited to plots treating past history and the rural present? What is the relationship between the minority literature and literature in the national language? What kind of history should be written on the literatures of Scotland, Brittany and the South of France, manifest in their several languages?
Calin’s pioneering study is the first comparative scrutiny of these minority literatures and the first to bring all three together into the mainstream of present-day criticism. His work demonstrates the intrinsic importance in their twentieth-century renewal, as well as their contribution to global culture, in both aesthetic and broadly human terms.
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