Publicat peth Centre d’Estudis Occitans en Montpelhièr, 1976.
Gramatica occitana segon los parlars lengadocians
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Publicat peth Centre d’Estudis Occitans en Montpelhièr, 1976.
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La langue d’oc ou occitan représente, à coté du catalan, du français, du francoprovencal, du castillan, [.] une des grandes langues romanes ou néo-latines qui se sont développées a partir d’une symbiose entre le latin populaire.
Pierre Bec ei professeur à l’Université de Poitiers, ancien Président de l’Institut d’Etudes Occitanes, ancien Directeur du Centre d’Etudes Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale.
Some of medieval culture’s most arresting images and stories inextricably associate love and death. Thus the troubadour Jaufre Rudel dies in the arms of the countess of Tripoli, having loved her from afar without ever having seen her. Or in Marie de France’s Chevrefoil, Tristan and Iseult’s fatal love is hauntingly symbolized by the fatally entwined honeysuckle and hazel. And who could forget the ethereal spectacle of the Damoisele of Escalot’s body carried to Camelot on a supernatural funerary boat with a letter on her breast explaining how her unrequited love for Lancelot killed her? Medieval literature is fascinated with the idea that love may be a fatal affliction. Indeed, it is frequently suggested that true love requires sacrifice, that you must be ready to die for, from, and in love. Love, in other words, is represented, sometimes explicitly, as a form of martyrdom, a notion that is repeatedly reinforced by courtly literature’s borrowing of religious vocabulary and imagery. The paradigm of the martyr to love has of course remained compelling in the early modern and modern period.
This book seeks to explore what is at stake in medieval literature’s preoccupation with love’s martyrdom. Informed by modern theoretical approaches, particularly Lacanian psychoanalysis and Jacques Derrida’s work on ethics, it offers new readings of a wide range of French and Occitan courtly texts from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and argues that a new secular ethics of desire emerges from courtly literature because of its fascination with death. This book also examines the interplay between lyric and romance in courtly literary culture and shows how courtly literature’s predilection for sacrificial desire imposes a repressive sex-gender system that may then be subverted by fictional women and queers who either fail to die on cue, or who die in troublesome and disruptive ways.
Joseph Anglade siguec professor ena Universitat de Tolosa.
L’idée du présent travail date de plus de vingt-cinq ans..
Era publicacion deth Nomenclator dera Val d’Aran represente ua hita importanta ena normalizacion des sòns nòms de lòc der aranés e, donques, dera lengua madeisha. Ei un esturment basic de consulta entara Administracion e eth mon empresariau entà designar, etiquetar e fixar es nòms de lòc de manèra normativa.
Aguest nomenclator permet era localizacion dera toponimia aranesa en ua cartografia de detalh, a on practicament toti es nòms de lòc d’Aran son recuelhuts e tanben normalizadi. Atau, eth Nomenclator dera Val d’Aran amasse un totau de 3 450 toponims de tot tipe que provien dera Basa toponimica a escala 1:5000 der Institut Cartografic e Geologic de Catalonha (ICGC), era mès detalhada que corbís actuaument tota era Val d’Aran.
Era òbra qu’auetz enes mans ei frut d’un convèni de collaboracion entre er Institut d’Estudi Aranesi-Acadèmia aranesa dera lengua occitana, coma autoritat lingüistica dera lengua occitana en Catalonha, e er Institut Cartografic e Geologic de Catalonha, coma generador de cartografia e d’informacion geografica.
Eth nau Nomenclator ei un esturment de referéncia que contribuirà, d’un costast, ara coneishença e era difusion des formes adequades des nòms de lòc e era sua localizacion sus eth territòri e, der aute, ara preservacion dera toponimia coma auviatge intangible, coma testimòni des eveniments istorics e coma reflèxe d’ua cultura viua que contunharà evolucionant.
Aguest seriós estudi qu’auetz enes mans ei ua campanada ena nòsta cultura, que mos enlumene sus un des aspèctes mès desconeishuts dera nòsta istòria. Ei damb gòi que guardam es campanaus lheuar-se orhulhosi ath miei des nòsti pòbles. Son eth referent paisagistic e visuau… e damb eth sòn penetrant tapatge mos enlumènen tanben en nòste moviment.
Ena nòsta vida diària i son presentes es campanes, i an estat des de hè molt… des de tostemp, e ena nòsta petita literatura ne parlen diuèrsi autors. Auíem de besonh aguest estudi, mos calie articular damb rigor un discors que mos permetesse explicar que tanben ath torn d’aqueres majestuoses tors s’a gestat era nòsta identitat.
Se sap que, en el conjunt dels parlars romànics, no resulta excep- cional de trobar varietats lingüístiques que, en l’imperfet d’indicatiu de la segona i la tercera conjugacions, presentin a la desinència un so labial intervocàlic. Apareix, per exemple, dialectalment, en espanyol: en zones ben diverses, en clapes disperses, ja sigui en el vell o en el nou continent. Apareix en rètic o en dialectes itàlics: com, sense anar més lluny, en el toscà mateix. O bé també en aragonès, llengua en la qual «la terminación del imperfecto mantiene la -b- tanto en la primera como en la segunda y tercera conjugaciones» (ALVAR, 1953: 230) i en què aquestes formes amb un element bilabial —perquè, com en espanyol, hi és bilabial— a la desinència són, de fet, les formes referencials.
L’objectiu, doncs, no és de tractar d’afers —recurrents, per altra banda— com l’origen etimològic o analògic d’aquell so consonàntic, sinó sobretot de treure a la llum dades que hi fan referència: informa- cions obtingudes durant els darrers set anys arreu dels pobles de la Vall d’Aran —i també del Comenge veí, ja a l’Estat francès— a través d’enquestes de tipus dialectològic de format —diguem-ne— clàssic.
It was out of medieval Provence – Proensa – that the ethos of courtly love emerged, and it was in the poetry of the Provençal troubadours that it found its perfect expression. Their poetry was also a central inspiration for Dante and his Italian contemporaries, propagators of the modern vernacular lyric, and seven centuries later it was no less important to the modernist Ezra Pound. These poems, a source to which poetry has returned again and again in search of renewal, are subtle, startling, earthy, erotic, and supremely musical.
The poet Paul Blackburn studied and translated the troubadours for twenty years, and the result of that long commitment is ‘Proensa’, an anthology of thirty poets of the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, which has since established itself not only as a powerful and faithful work of translation but as a work of poetry in its own right. Blackburn’s ‘Proensa’, George Economou writes, “will take its place among Gavin Douglas’ ‘Aeneid’, Golding’s ‘Metamorphoses’, the Homer of Chapman, Pope, and Lattimore, Waley’s Japanese, and Pound’s Chinese, Italian, and Old English.”
In 1209 Simon of Montfort led a war against the Cathars of Languedoc after Pope Innocent III preached a crusade condemning them as heretics. The suppression of heresy became a pretext for a vicious war that remains largely unstudied as a military conflict. Laurence Marvin here examines the Albigensian Crusade as military and political history rather than religious history, and traces these dimensions of the conflict through to Montfort’s death in 1218. He shows how Montfort experienced military success in spite of a hostile populace, impossible military targets, armies that dissolved every forty days, and a pope who often failed to support the crusade morally or financially. He also discusses the supposed brutality of the war, why the inhabitants were for so long unsuccessful at defending themselves against it, and its impact on Occitania. This original account will appeal to scholars of medieval France, the Crusades, and medieval military history.
LAURENCE W. MARVIN is Associate Professor of History at the Evans School of Humanities, Berry College, Georgia.
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