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Die Beziehungen des Felibrige zu den Trobadors
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The medieval troubadours of the South of France profoundly influenced European literature for many centuries. This book is the first full-length study of the first-person subject position adopted by many of them in its relation to language and society. Using modern theoretical approaches, Sarah Kay discusses to what extent this first person is a “self” or “character,” and how far it is self-determining. Kay draws on a wide range of troubadour texts, providing many close readings and translating all medieval quotations into English. Her book will be of interest both to scholars of medieval literature, and to anyone investigating subjectivity in lyric poetry.
La Vall d’Aran està separada políticament dels països occitans veïns des de fa segles, i en certa manera això ha estat definitiu d’ençà de la concessió als aranesos dels privilegis inclosos a Era Querimònia l’any 1313, després que aquell país gascó decidís d’adscriure’s a la Corona d’Aragó i passar a formar part del Principat de Catalunya en unes condicions certament particulars que no té cap altra zona del ter- ritori. Només algunes invasions episòdiques del Regne o de la República de França en els segles posteriors (vegeu Lladonosa, 2001) han fet que aquella vall gascona, durant alguns períodes breus, no hagi estat diferent de les altres valls occitanes veïnes des d’un punt de vista polític.
De fet, la diferència en l’adscripció estatal respecte a les zones occitanes imme- diates ha condicionat enormement la visió que els lingüistes i altres estudiosos han tingut tradicionalment de l’aranès, segurament oblidant que la Vall d’Aran, tot i de- pendre políticament de successius estats ibèrics, ha continuat mantenint unes inten- ses relacions humanes amb els territoris veïns que també parlen occità, unes relacions segurament més intenses que no pas les que també ha mantingut amb els territoris catalans immediats (que no han estat, ni de bon tros, inexistents). No oblidem que la Vall d’Aran es troba al nord de l’eix pirinenc, orientada cap a l’Atlàntic, l’oceà on va a parar el riu Garona, que viatja fins a Tolosa o Bordeus i que és precisament la columna vertebral d’aquell petit país pirinenc, al costat del qual s’arrengleren la major part de poblacions araneses. En aquest petit treball pretenem fer una breu aproximació a la dialectologia aranesa tenint en compte tot això que acabem d’assenyalar. Prescindint de prejudicis estatals i d’apriorismes. Deixant de banda visions contaminades per les adscripcions administratives, sovint sobrevalorades. La nostra intenció és de demostrar, sobretot mitjançant un catàleg de fets lingüístics, que la diversitat dialectal de l’aranès potser no es pot deslligar de les relacions —o la intensitat d’aquestes mateixes relacions— que les diferents zones de la Vall d’Aran han tingut amb els diferents països occitans veïns, i que en la geolingüística aranesa tenen un paper ca- pital les afinitats amb els parlars immediats del Comenge i del Coserans, els dos territoris gascons immediats. Com veurem, l’occità parlat en algunes poblacions de la Vall d’Aran fins i tot pot presentar més afinitats —almenys tradicionalment— amb el gascó que hi ha en localitats administrativament franceses que no pas amb el que s’usa en localitats situades a la mateixa Vall d’Aran. La frontera, la teòrica frontera definitivament instal·lada al segle xiv, ha estat realment mai un obstacle per a la co- municació entre els occitans d’un costat i de l’altre de la línia administrativa? Ha suposat una barrera per a la difusió de certes solucions fonètiques, morfosintàctiques o lexicals? Des del punt de vista lingüístic, ja veurem que la resposta és categòrica.
The poetry of the troubadours was famous throughout the middle ages, but the difficulty and diversity of the original languages have been obstacles to its appreciation by a wider audience. This collection aims to redress the situation, presenting English verse translations in contemporary idiom and a highly readable form. It includes some 125 poems, with a strong representation of those composed by women, and goes beyond traditional limits in time to feature a sampling of the earliest texts in the Occitan language, written in the tenth and eleventh centuries, and later works from the early fourteenth. Though most poems translated in the book were written in Occitan, the vernacular of southern France, there are also a few translations of poems written in the same place and time but in other languages, including Latin, Hebrew, Norse, Catalan, and Italian. Genres include love songs, satires, invectives, pastourelles, debates, laments, and religious songs. A comprehensive introduction places the troubadours in their historical context and traces the development of their art; headnotes introduce each poet, and the book ends with a bibliography and suggestions for further reading.
An edition and translation of some 30 poems by the trobairditz, a remarkable group of women poets from the 12th and 13th centuries, who composed in the style and language of the troubadours.
This book offers a general introduction to the world of the troubadours. Its sixteen chapters, newly commissioned from leading scholars in Britain, the United States, France, Italy and Spain, trace the development of troubadour song (including music), engage with the main trends in troubadour scholarship, and examine the reception of troubadour poetry in manuscripts and in Northern French romance. A series of appendices offer an invaluable guide to more than fifty troubadours, to technical vocabulary, to research tools and to surviving manuscripts.
Some of medieval culture’s most arresting images and stories inextricably associate love and death. Thus the troubadour Jaufre Rudel dies in the arms of the countess of Tripoli, having loved her from afar without ever having seen her. Or in Marie de France’s Chevrefoil, Tristan and Iseult’s fatal love is hauntingly symbolized by the fatally entwined honeysuckle and hazel. And who could forget the ethereal spectacle of the Damoisele of Escalot’s body carried to Camelot on a supernatural funerary boat with a letter on her breast explaining how her unrequited love for Lancelot killed her? Medieval literature is fascinated with the idea that love may be a fatal affliction. Indeed, it is frequently suggested that true love requires sacrifice, that you must be ready to die for, from, and in love. Love, in other words, is represented, sometimes explicitly, as a form of martyrdom, a notion that is repeatedly reinforced by courtly literature’s borrowing of religious vocabulary and imagery. The paradigm of the martyr to love has of course remained compelling in the early modern and modern period.
This book seeks to explore what is at stake in medieval literature’s preoccupation with love’s martyrdom. Informed by modern theoretical approaches, particularly Lacanian psychoanalysis and Jacques Derrida’s work on ethics, it offers new readings of a wide range of French and Occitan courtly texts from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and argues that a new secular ethics of desire emerges from courtly literature because of its fascination with death. This book also examines the interplay between lyric and romance in courtly literary culture and shows how courtly literature’s predilection for sacrificial desire imposes a repressive sex-gender system that may then be subverted by fictional women and queers who either fail to die on cue, or who die in troublesome and disruptive ways.
This is the first twentieth-century study of the women troubadours who flourished in Southern France between 1150 and 1250 — the great period of troubadour poetry. The book is comprised of a full-length essay on women in the Middle Ages, twenty-three poems by the women troubadours themselves in the original Provencal with translations on facing pages, a capsule biography of each poet, notes, and reading list.
Joseph Anglade siguec professor ena Universitat de Tolosa.
L’idée du présent travail date de plus de vingt-cinq ans..
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