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Die Beziehungen des Felibrige zu den Trobadors
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Joseph Anglade siguec professor ena Universitat de Tolosa.
L’idée du présent travail date de plus de vingt-cinq ans..
This is the first twentieth-century study of the women troubadours who flourished in Southern France between 1150 and 1250 — the great period of troubadour poetry. The book is comprised of a full-length essay on women in the Middle Ages, twenty-three poems by the women troubadours themselves in the original Provencal with translations on facing pages, a capsule biography of each poet, notes, and reading list.
The chansonnier Paris, Bibliotheque nationale, f. fr. 22543 (known as “R”) has been recognized for over 200 years as a precious repository of the literature of the medieval troubadours of southern France. It transmits almost 950 lyric poems and 160 melodies, along with many other important writings in the Occitan language, many of which are unica.
The paleography, decoration, and dialect of the manuscript are described thoroughly, and their distinctive features are seen to support the hypothesis that R was compiled in northern Languedoc or western Provence around 1300. While most of the texts of R were copied by one scribe, the relatively few melodies it contains were probably notated by at least four different copyists. Over eighty percent of the poems were never supplied with their melodies, even though musical staves were provided; these staves were left empty. The notation is in the style of the so-called Notre Dame school of Paris, and the rhythms of the notes are not apparent, although a few seem to be in rudimentary mensural notation.
The manuscript contains some works of the troubadours of the early twelfth century, and also a large number of works by late thirteenth-century poets. By examining internal paleographical data and making comparisons with other extant codices, it is possible to offer suggestions on the nature of the exemplars of this heterogeneous collection. The problems of determining how the texts and melodies were transmitted are investigated, including the issues of oral transmission, the lack of extant autographs, the disparity in the origins of the surviving manuscripts, and the variant attributions. The musical transmission is especially problematic, since only three other sources containing music survive. The forty-five concordances that R shares with these other codices are discussed.
A review of the modern history of the manuscript shows that the earliest known owner was the Marquise d’Urfe of the early eighteenth century. The commonly accepted belief that R was in the library of her ancestor the poet Honore d’Urfe in the seventeenth century is found to be unsupported by the available evidence.
Es nòms que designes es lòcs d’un territòri an ua foncion tecnica e culturau ath madesih temps. Tecnica perqué les referéncien geograficament, e culturau perqué veïculen ifnromacion sus era cultura, era lengua o es costums d’aqueri que les meteren eth nòm. En aguest sens, era toponímia aranesa ei un patrimòni collectiu que cau sauvagardar com a par der auviatge lingüistic e culturau dera Val d’Aran.
Era publicacion deth Nomenclator dera Val d’Aran represente ua hita importanta ena normalizacion des sòns nòms de lòc der aranés e, donques, dera lengua madeisha. Ei un esturment basic de consulta entara Administracion e eth mon empresariau entà designar, etiquetar e fixar es nòms de lòc de manèra normativa.
Aguest nomenclator permet era localizacion dera toponimia aranesa en ua cartografia de detalh, a on practicament toti es nòms de lòc d’Aran son recuelhuts e tanben normalizadi. Atau, eth Nomenclator dera Val d’Aran amasse un totau de 3 450 toponims de tot tipe que provien dera Basa toponimica a escala 1:5000 der Institut Cartografic e Geologic de Catalonha (ICGC), era mès detalhada que corbís actuaument tota era Val d’Aran.
Era òbra qu’auetz enes mans ei frut d’un convèni de collaboracion entre er Institut d’Estudi Aranesi-Acadèmia aranesa dera lengua occitana, coma autoritat lingüistica dera lengua occitana en Catalonha, e er Institut Cartografic e Geologic de Catalonha, coma generador de cartografia e d’informacion geografica.
Eth nau Nomenclator ei un esturment de referéncia que contribuirà, d’un costast, ara coneishença e era difusion des formes adequades des nòms de lòc e era sua localizacion sus eth territòri e, der aute, ara preservacion dera toponimia coma auviatge intangible, coma testimòni des eveniments istorics e coma reflèxe d’ua cultura viua que contunharà evolucionant.
I a pògues causes en lenguatge que donguen tanta escadença ara creativitat com era toponímia. Es colors, es formes, era vegetacion deth territòri; es nòms o es maunòms des sòns estatjants; ua istòria, un avodament, ua legenda o un equipament… quina causa que sigue barrejada damb er engenh dera gent servís entà generar un toponim.
Pr’amor d’açò, es nòms de lòc mos diden plen de causes sus es abitants, sus es origines o sus era natura de cada endret e son capables de crear un trincadís de colors plan variats que balhe personalitat a cada cornèr deth país.
Mès es toponims son tanben informacion, descripcion precisa, coordenada exacta enes mapes, nomenclators urbans, bases de donades o guides. Son un element indispensable de guidatge e de referéncia sus un territòri plen de persones en movement.
Aguesti dus aspèctes son es qu’an encoratjat ara Comission de Toponímia de Catalonha tà aufrir as municipis e tà toti es qu’agen de trabalhar damb nòms de lòc, uns Critèris que mos an de perméter preservar plan viua era riquesa culturau qu’era toponímia represente e adobar-la entà hèr-la utila.
En 1944, Manuel Abizanda e Broto deth Servicio de Defensa del Patrimonio Artístico Nacional publique era transcripcion e studi d’un manscrit titolat Índice Privilegios. Abizanda conde que dit manuscrit siguec amagat tà liurar-le deth perilh des “hodas rojas y marxistas” pendent era epòca Republicana e Guèrra Civila.
En 1938, un còp liberada era Val d’Aran pes nacionaus, er avocat Jaume Sala entreguèc dit manuscrit ath Servicio. Abizanda qu’ère agent d’aguest servici hec er estudi comentat adès.
En sòn trabalh ditz qu’un còp estudiat, eth manuscrit serà restituït entar Archiu Notariau, mès non especifique s’ei er archiu notariau deth districte de Vielha o parle d’un aute districte. Actuaument se desconeish a on se trape dit manuscrit e sonque auem notícies d’eth pera publicacion de 1944.
Pera descripcion hèta per Abizanda sabem qu’et manuscrit cònste de 50 fuelhs escrits e 40 fuelhs en blanc. Ei enquadernat en pergamin e mesure 14x10cm.
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